\r\n Smart materials are defined as materials with properties engineered to modify in a skillful method under the impact of external stimuli. These exterior impacts can contain temperature, force, moisture, electric charge, magnetic fields and ph. Nanotechnology is rapidly entering the world of smart materials and taking them to the next level. Piezoelectric materials either yield voltage when stressed or change shape under the impact of an electric charge. Thermo responsive materials are also known as shape memory alloys or shape memory polymers. These materials alter their shape under the influence of the ambient temperature. In the field of medical the use of smart materials that respond to injuries by delivering drugs and antibiotics or by hardening to produce a cast on a broken limb. Energy generation and conservation with highly efficient batteries and energy generating materials.

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\r\n Any condensed matter systems whose at least one (out of three) dimension is of the order of nanometer can be considered as Nano scale system. Nanotechnology is branch of science which deals with designing, fabricating and monitoring materials and components with dimensions on the Nano scale, i.e. from 1 to 100 nm. Nanophysics teach how nanotechnology can be used in order to develop new optic and electronic components and new materials for use in communications technology, sensor technology or catalysis. Nano physics is branch of physics which applied at nanometer range in order to get proper result. In Nano range properties of materials changed. Basically at Nano range the surface properties of materials start dominating compare to bulk properties. In surface there are dangling bond which have high surface energy compared to bulk.

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\r\n Nano chemistry unites – naturally – Nano science and chemistry. It works from the atom up, with the aim of engineering Nano sized materials. They use many methods to formulate and collect small pieces of matter which indicate unique magnetic, electronic, optical, chemical and mechanical actions attributable only to their nanometer size. This science use approach from the synthetic chemistry and the materials chemistry to acquire nanomaterials with particular sizes, shapes, surface properties, deformities, self-gathering properties, intended to fulfill particular capacities and uses. Nanomaterial’s can be made from for all objectives and purposes any material, for example, metals, semiconductors and polymers, both in their nebulous and crystalline structures. Its tactics can be utilized to make carbon nanomaterials, for example, carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene and fullerenes which have picked up consideration as of recently because of their mechanical and electrical properties.

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\r\n Nano weapon is the tag which identifies the military technology currently under develop which seeks to exploit the power of nanotechnology in the modern battlefield. These particles used in different military materials could possibly hazard in nature to the soldiers that are wearing the material, if the material is allowed to get worn out. As the uniforms wear out it is likely for nanomaterial to separate and enter into the soldiers’ bodies’. Soldiers having nanoparticles arriving the soldiers’ bodies would be very unhealthy and could create seriously harm to them. There is not a lot of information on what the actual damage to the soldiers would be, but there have been studies on the effect of nanoparticles entering a fish through its skin. The studies showed that the different soldiers suffered from varying degrees of brain damage. These brain damage would create serious negative effect; the studies also say that the results cannot be taken as an accurate example of what would happen to soldiers if nanoparticles entered their bodies. There are very strict regulations on the scientists that manufacture products with nanoparticles.

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\r\n Nano biotechnology refers function which joins nanotechnology and biology. The subject of Nano Biotechnology is one that has only arose very recently and helps as blanket terms for various related technologies. The use of the intrinsic properties of nucleic acids like DNA to create useful materials is a promising area of modern research. This frequently used to define the assemble multidisciplinary actions associated with biosensors, particularly where photonics, chemistry, biology, biophysics, Nano medicine, and engineering converge. Bio nanotechnology is the term that refers to the juncture of nanotechnology and biology. These Ideas which improved through Nano biology are includes with Materials like Nano scale, Nano devices, and nanoparticles phenomena that occurs within the discipline of nanotechnology. Its applications are under research currently, verified and in some cases already applied in different field like food technology, from agriculture to food processing, packaging and food supple.

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\r\n  Green nanotechnology refers to the technology that uses the nanotechnology as improvement supplement for environmental sustainability which uses different methods producing negative externalities. It also refers the products of nanotechnology which can be used to enhance sustainability. It includes making green Nano-products and using Nano-products in maintenance of sustainability. It has been defined as the development of clean technologies to decrease potential of environmental and human health risks related with the manufacture and use of nanotechnology products, and to inspire replacement of existing products with new Nano-products that are more environmentally friendly throughout their lifecycle. It involves developing products that benefit the environment either directly or indirectly. Its materials or products can be used directly to unsoiled hazardous waste sites, desalinate water, treat pollutants, or sense and monitor environmental pollutants

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\r\n Nano Therapy

\r\n Nano therapy is a branch of Nano medicine that contains nanoparticles to deliver a drug to a target location in the body so as to treat the disease through a procedure known as targeting. Nano therapy is an actual newest mode of treatment that can be applied for cancer therapy. To imagine and test the hypothesis and idea regarding the new hypothesized nontherapeutic system, there are many issues to be addressed including the change of properties of substances at the Nano-https://nanoscience.conferenceseries.com/conference-brochure.phplevel, the use of in vitro studies for testing the new drug and the safety of the new Nano-substance. the biggest aids of nanoparticles is they have a larger surface area, which permits for several functional groups to be added to the surface nanoparticles are very small as they have a larger surface area, which presents a major advantage in drug delivery.

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\r\n Nano Tubes and Nano wires

\r\n A nanotube is nanometer-scale tube-like structures, which are also known as nanowires, in terms of feature ratio; but unlike wires, tubes are hollow. Nanotubes maybe single-walled or multi-walled. These wires are in 1D nanostructure which generally has diameters of the tens in order of nanometers, with unrestricted length scales. The length to diameter ratio may be as much as 1000. Nanowires and nanotubes are now at the forefront of materials science at the Nano scale. This article starts with introductory comments about nanowires and nanotubes and then addresses in more detail the special structure and properties of bismuth nanowires and carbon nanotubes, which are considered as prototype examples of nanowires and nanotubes. Both Nano-materials are important for the new Nano science concepts that they introduce and for their promise for practical applications. Both provide a system that is simple enough so that detailed calculations of their properties can be carried out, and predictions about their physical behavior can be made. The occurrence and control of unusual and unique properties of specific nanostructures are the drivers for the exploitation of Nano science in nanotechnology applications.

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\r\n Nanotechnology is a fast developing field in the 21st century, and the commercial use of nanomaterials for novel applications is growing exponentially. Till Now the scientific basis for the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of most manufactured nanomaterials are not understood. The mechanisms underlying the toxicity of nanomaterials have recently been studied intensively. The growth of ROS has increase which leads to oxidative stress, resulting in cells failing to maintain normal physiological redox-regulated functions. This in turn leads to DNA damage, tolerant cell signaling, change in cell motility, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and cancer beginning. There are critical determinants that can affect the generation of ROS. These critical causes, discussed briefly here, include: size, shape, particle surface, surface positive charges, surface-containing groups, and particle dissolution, metal ion release from nonmetals and nanometer oxides, UV light activation, aggregation, mode of interaction with cells, inflammation, and pH of the medium. The Nano size particles are probable to raise an needless unlimited toxicological effect on animals and environment, although their toxicological effects related with human exposure are still unknown.

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\r\n Nano electronics refer to the usage of nanotechnology on electronic components, particularly transistors. Nano electronics often mention to transistor devices that are so small that inter-atomic relations and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied widely. Theses Nano electronic expedients are manufactured with hybrid molecular/semiconductor electronics, one dimensional nanotubes/nanowires, or advanced molecular electronics. Nano Electronics involves the study of the synthesis and characterization of materials of Nano scale size. It is the combination of chemistry and Nano science. At particularly small level of Quantum effect is very important, fascinating and possibly scientifically very rewarding innovative ways of carrying out chemical reactions are possible. Nanoparticles have the high surface to volume ratio which has a intense effect on their properties. This small size of nanoparticles gives them unusual structure and optical properties with applications in catalysis, electro-optical devices, medicine, cosmetics etc.

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\r\n Nanodevices, the quickest moving section of the overall market, the Nanotek research includes in smart sensors and smart delivery systems, Magnetic Nano devices, Nano-biosensors, Nano switches, Optical biosensors, and biologically inspired devices are expected to transport at a excellent 34% CAGR.. Nano sensors will work better on the onset of sicknesses along with cancer or coronary heart ailment, and Nano markets assumes the marketplace for biomedical Nano sensors to reach approximately $800 million in 2019. Around 18 universities and 53 new research initiatives are exhibited in Nanotechnology convention The electrical properties of carbon nanotubes1 (CNTs) and graphene2 make them exceptional candidates for developing novel devices with functionality and efficiency that is orders-of-magnitude better than state-of-the-art technologies. These next-generation electronics will significantly increase the capabilities of high-throughput information systems while simultaneously decreasing their size, weight, cost, and assembly complexity.  It also uses to detect various chemicals in gases for pollution monitoring in Atmosphere.

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\r\n Nano robotics is the technology of making machines or robots at or close to the scale of a nanometer (10-9 meters).Nano robots (nanobots or nanoids) are typically devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometers. As no artificial non-biological Nano robots have so far been created, they remain a theoretical concept at this time. Following this definition even a large apparatus such as an atomic force microscope can be considered a Nano robotic instrument when configured to perform nanomanipulation.Also, micro robots which can move with Nano scale precision can also be considered Nano robots. These machines are largely used in the research and development segment but some primitive molecular machines and Nano motors have been tested. These can then be linked by chemical or physical means to form subassemblies, which in turn can be further manipulated. Applications in building wires, single-electron transistors, and Nano waveguides are presented.

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\r\n Nano mechanics is a branch of Nano science studying important mechanical (elastic, thermal and kinetic) properties of physical systems at the nanometer scale. Nano mechanics has looked as if on the crossroads of classical mechanics, solid-state physics, statistical mechanics, materials science, and quantum chemistry. As an area of Nano science, Nano mechanics provides a scientific basis of nanotechnology. Nano mechanics is based on some experimental principles (basic observations), specifically general mechanics principles and specific principles arising from the smallness of physical sizes of the object of study. These principles serve to offer a basic insight into novel mechanical properties of nanometer objects. Novelty is understood in the sense that these properties are not present in similar macro scale objects or much different from the properties of those (e.g., Nano rods vs. usual macroscopic beam structures). In particular, compactness of the subject itself gives growth to various surface effects determined by higher surface-to-volume ratio of nanostructures and thus affects mechanoenergetic and thermal properties (melting point, heat capacitance, etc.) of nanostructures.

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\r\n Nanofabrication refers to the design procedure of nanomaterial and devices that are measured in nanometers. One nanometer is one millionth (10-9) of a meter. It helps in parallel processing of material over a large scale. It is a cost-effective method whereby large-scale economy is manufactured using the same machinery and design and small amount of material. To meet the continuing challenge of shrinking component size in microelectronics, new tools and techniques are continuously being developed. Component sizes that were in tens of micrometers became single-digit micrometers, and then hundreds of nanometers, and then went down to a few tens of nanometers where they stand today. As a result, what used to be called micro fabrication was rebranded as nanofabrication, although the governing principles have remained essentially the same. The main driver of this technology has been the manufacture of integrated circuits, but there have been tremendous fallout benefits to other areas, including photonics. Nanofabrication can be loosely divided into three major areas: thin films, lithography, and etching. Each of these are vast subject areas in and of themselves, but in this chapter we attempt to cover their essential concepts in a concise fashion for someone new to these areas. The goal is not to provide a working experience that allows one to walk into a laboratory and perform these tasks, but to provide an overall understanding of what these areas are as well as the pros and cons of the most commonly used techniques. Hopefully it will build a foundation for more specific training for anyone who wants to venture further into these areas.

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\r\n Nanotechnology offers some exciting potentials in medicine Science. Submission of Nanotechnology in Nano medicine involves two main techniques i.e. Diagnostic technique and Therapeutic technique. Nano flares are nanoparticles which are designed bind to genetic targets in cancer cells and generate light when that particular genetic target is found .Nanotechnology provides methods to inactivate specific proteins or genes in cells without genetic changes, to isolate their function. It is a combination of therapeutic and imaging material based on the use of nanoparticles for drug delivery. It will combine imaging with cell-specific therapeutic delivery to allow better evaluation of how medication is reaching its intended target. The other is the impact of nanoparticles in diagnostic assays, which allow precise measurements of concentrations that are orders of magnitude lower than current techniques. Both approaches give an insight into the potential breakthroughs in clinical research that might be accomplished with nanotechnology. Furthermore, the nanotechnology-based methods are emerging as a significant step forward for the easy and rapid analysis of the genetic basis and treatment of diseases. The study comprises a limited number of strategies and a glimpse where the nanotechnology field could evolve. Nanotechnology has given excellent tools that allow the delineation of processes in complex biological systems to a degree that was previously impossible.

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